Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

The scarcity of freshwater resources is a critical problem in semi-arid zones and marginal quality water is increasingly being used in agriculture. This paper aimed at evaluating the physico-chemical and biological risks on irrigated soils and fruits of macrophyte treated wastewater (TWW), the nutrients supply, and the effect on tomato and eggplant production in semi-arid Burkina Faso. During three years of experiments, treated wastewater was used, with fresh water as control, in combination with or without mineral fertilizer application at recommended rate (140 kg N/ha + 180 kg P₂O₅/ha + 180 kg K₂O/ha). The study revealed that the treated wastewater provided variable nutrients supply depending on year and element. The treated wastewater without mineral fertilizer improved eggplant yield (40% in average) compared to the freshwater. Both crops responded better to mineral fertilizer (52% for tomato and 82% for eggplant) and the effects of the treated wastewater and fertilizer were additive. As the N supply of TWW was very unsteady (8-227% of crop need), and P₂O₅ supply did not satisfy in whole crop need (3-58%) during any of the three years of experiment, we recommended that moderate N and P₂O₅ fertilizers be applied when irrigating with TWW in semi-arid West-Africa. On the contrary, the K₂O supply was more steady and close to crop requirement (78-126%) over the three years of experiment and no addition of K fertilizer may be needed when irrigated with TWW. Faecal coliforms and helminth eggs were observed in treated wastewater and irrigated soils at rate over the FAO and WHO recommended limits for vegetable to be eaten uncooked. Tomato fruits were observed to be faecal coliform contaminated with the direct on-foliage irrigation with treated wastewater. Our results indicate that treated wastewater can effectively be used as both nutrients source and crop water supply in market gardening in the semi-arid Sub-Saharan West Africa (SSWA) where freshwater and farm income are limiting. Yet consumers should properly cook or disinfect treated-wastewater irrigated vegetables before eating, and market gardeners should also be careful manipulating treated wastewater to avoid direct health contamination in this environment.     

市场供求矛盾下的蔬菜生产规模及结构分析

当今社会是以科学发展观为主导,使产业规模合理化、产业结构优化,实现各产业科学发展。本文通过对蔬菜市场的需求与供给分析,发现我国蔬菜市场目前存在供求矛盾,并提出解决矛盾的方法主要是通过蔬菜贮藏、地区调运、设施蔬菜生产三种方式实现。由蔬菜市场的供求矛盾得出蔬菜产业应以生产反季节蔬菜、跨地区蔬菜、新品种蔬菜为主。最后本文对这三种方式进行了生产规模及生产结构分析。     

排灌输水隧洞正常水深的简捷算法

为了使标准城门洞形断面正常水深的求解具有简单的显函数计算公式,对标准城门洞形断面正常水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,将水面位于底角圆弧段和顶弧段正常水深的超越方程以及水面位于侧边直线段正常水深的高次方程,变成无量纲化正常水深与已知量综合参数的单变量函数方程.引入准线性函数的概念并将准线性函数作为标准模板,再对正常水深的单变量函数方程应用准线性函数标准模板,在工程常用范围即无量纲化正常水深y∈[0.051,.80]范围内进行优化计算及准线性函数逼近,得到了超越方程和高次方程的替代函数方程,替代函数具有类似于线性函数形式,即正常水深的准线性显函数表达式,并进行误差分析.结果表明,在隧洞底部圆弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.36%,侧边直线段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.31%,顶弧段正常水深的最大相对误差小于0.39%,说明准线性公式在隧洞有效水深范围内计算的水深准确度较高,可为排灌输水隧洞的断面设计及实现渠道水位控制时确定均匀流水深提供参考.     

负压给水技术研究初探

我国水资源短缺,发展节水高效农业已成为现代农业可持续发展的必经之路.负压给水技术是一种新型的灌水技术,与传统灌溉方式相比,它具备节水、节能、精准、高效等多项优势.分析了负压给水技术的优点和技术难点,介绍了负压给水的研究进展.     

海河流域冬小麦水分生产率特征分析

以海河流域为研究对象,以农田总供水水分生产率(WUEa)和灌溉水分生产率(WUEi)为评价指标,运用对流域内典型灌区的调查资料,计算了海河流域主要作物冬小麦的用水效率并进行特征分析,得到了其水分生产率的分布和变化规律。结果表明,WUEa在田间尺度上均值为1.50 kg/m3、灌区尺度上均值为0.97kg/m3,WUE在...     

农机制造企业供应链管理中的需求预测

随着经济全球化和知识经济时代的到来,我国农机企业所面临的市场竞争更为残酷。本文从建立和加强供应链管理角度出发,探讨了农机企业供应链管理中的需求预测问题,包括预测在供应链管理中的重要性和特点,影响预测的因素及预测方法分类,农机企业供应链需求预测的基本方法。     

厚膜集成电路STRS412的工作原理与维修

本文论述在电视机中普遍应用的厚膜集成电路STRS412的内部结构、外围电路的工作过程及典型故障检修。     

农村供水工程水质检测模式研究

做好农村供水工程水质检测工作对保障农村供水水质安全至关重要,但它同时也是农村供水的薄弱环节,针对如何建立农村供水工程的水质检测模式开展研究与探讨。明确了农村供水工程水质检测的目标任务,分析了当前农村供水工程水质检测的现状与存在问题,从水质检测指标的选择、水质检测项目与频率的确定、水质检测设备的配备、水质检测人员的配置和监管、水质检测反馈机制的构建等几个方面提出了构建农村供水工程水质检测模式的建议,以期帮助提高农村供水工程的水质检测能力,保障农村供水水质安全。     

农村劳动力供给灰色预测

农民就业是解决"三农问题"的关键,而农村劳动力供给是影响农民充分就业的直接因素,科学预测农村劳动力未来供给对于解决农民就业问题意义重大.为此,将农村劳动力供给作为一个系统进行研究,采用灰色系统预测的方法对农村劳动力进行预测,旨在为劳动力供给预测提供一种科学的方法.通过对黑龙江省农村劳动力的研究得知,黑龙江农村劳动力总量将不断增长,而男女劳动力参与率差距将进一步缩小.     

东深供水改造工程全线供水调度与管理自动化

结合东深供水改造工程全线供水系统的水力特性、供水系统的分散性及优化调度的经济性，提出供水系统的调度和管理模式确保实现全线自动调度方式，力争实现全线优化调度方式；并对主要技术措施、技术手段作了详细介绍：全线供水自动化主要有站间安全闭锁、站间流量平衡、全线供水自动控制、全线供水优化调度等功能。